Subject Index

“under a description”, 35, 132, 204
a posteriori, 35, 163
a priori, 19, 65, 80, 117, 159, 163, 168, 212, 221, 235, 239, 244, 252, 255n. 45, 264
apologetics
and systematic theology, 184
and Van Til, 6
Bahnsen vs Clark, 140
Enlightenment, 184
worldview, 34
Apologetics, 3–12, 22, 37, 51, 53, 82, 160, 166, 179, 183–88, 209, 213, 218, 230, 234–36, 250–51, 261, 265, 275, 300–4, 309
Augustinian, 19
evidential, classical, 4
subjective, 8
argument
against naturalism, 153
Augustinian, 12, 19, 21–22, 61, 103–5, 116–18, 193, 228, 239, 304, 308, 309–10
and Aquinas, 102–3
and reason, 105
and Satan, 178
and Wittgenstein, 206
apologetic, 102
atheological, 102
Christian political, 268
circular, 60, 134, 201
cultural relativism, 195, 271
ethical, 143
evolutionary, 146–50
for Christian philosophy, 311
hypothesis of God, 150–51
in Calvin, 163
laws of logic, 18
logical positivism, 65–66
metaphilosophy, 295
naturalism, 89
probability, 150
quantum physics, 297
rational, 12–13, 113, 163–64, 184, 187
reasoned, 8
secular vs Christian, 268
skeptical, 136, 143
Socratic, 6
transcendental, 111, 186–88, 195, 294, 305, 241–67
Auschwitz, 125, 145, 191
autonomy, 5, 19, 48, 50, 56, 101, 113, 171–73, 181, 185–86, 210, 218, 238, 252, 266, 280, 288n. 69, 291n. 77, 302, 305–7, 319–20, 319

behaviorism. See psychology, behaviorism
belief, 1, 60–61, 79, 84, 95, 115, 129, 154–66, 205, 276, 307–9, 314
and concepts, 191, 249
and Donald Davidson, 72
and ethics, 166
and foundationalism, 7
and Gettier, 154
and natural law, 201
and other minds, 59
and Plantinga, 156
and rationality, truth, 165
and scienticism, 68
and skepticism, 73
and Van Til, 209
and volition, 129
and warrant, 51, 154
and worldview, 168
Calvin, 130
Christian, 1, 9, 51, 159, 201–4, 294, 314
ethics, 316
ethics of, 84
evidentialism, 154
evidentialism, theistic proofs, 184
externalism, 156
in an external world, 249
in other minds, 206
internalism, 154
internalism, externalism, 157
Islamic, 224
justification, 5
knowledge, truth, 129
natural law, 226
other minds, 114
physicalism, 151
pragmatism, 85
rational, 308–9
reasonable, 294
Reformed Epistemology, 114
Reidian reliabilism, 156
reliabilism, realism, 156–57
religious, 208
sensus divinitatis, 159
skepticism, 249–50
subconscious, conscious, 129–30
TAG, 241–267
theistic, 188
transcendentalism, 217
truth, 91, 113–14
unbelief, 4
web of, Quine, 38
will, 304–5
beliefs
basic, 130, 307
contingent, 155
dogmatism, 139
epistemic duties, 158
Reformed Theology, 279
transcendentalism, 143
transcendentals, 128, 305
truth, 180
web of, 37
web of, Quine, 117

causation, 36, 257

epistemology, 1; 128–65
and science, 23–24, 20–21, 23–24, 37, 42, 47, 50, 60–61, 75, 90, 91, 113, 123, 133, 134, 135, 158, 161, 168, 177, 190, 192, 201, 207
and Gordon Clark, 139
and justification, 154
and Kant, 295–96
and medieval Catholicism, 228
and metaphysics, 58, 125, 300–1
and ethics, 59
and necessity, 180
and Plantinga, 129
and skepticism, 73
and theonomy, 170
and truth, 131–32
Augustinian, 21
Calvinistic, 162–63
Christian, 164–65, 299–304, 319
evidentialism, classical apologetics, 47
evolutionary, 151–2
fallibilism, 78–79, 91
Gettier problems, 154
holism, 109
Hume, Kant, 75
in classical Greece, 58
Kuyper, 48–49
naturalism, 127
naturalized, 90, 119–22, 201
physicalism, 151–53
Quine, 27, 122–23
neo-Platonism, 138
Plato, Aristotle, 58
psycholigized, 34
Reasonable Verisimilitude, 99
Reformed Epistemology, 61
transcendentalism, 8, 195, 215
Van Til, 134
Van Til vs. Plantinga, 188–191
within Philosophy, 59
ethics, 1, 13, 50, 125–27, 132, 141–45, 165, 166–178, 184, 188, 191, 198–99, 202–3, 206, 214, 219–20, 280, 315
aesthetics, 114
and Arthur Schlipp, 83, 99, 109
and Blackburn, 45, 113
and John Dewey, 83n. 107, 84–86
and logical positivism, 86–89
and naturalism, 89–91
and scripture, 6
as philosophy, 59
Christian, 1, 166–78
descriptive, 115
Kantian, 50–51
political, 29–31, 41, 284–91
practical, 50n. 142, 57, 214, 296
Rortian, 113n. 210, 132
ethical relativism, see relativism
Wesleyan, 15, 15n. 41.
evidentialism, 7, 105, 154, 184–86, 300, 307

fact, 2, 35, 62, 88, 89n. 129, 106, 128, 128n. 37, 129–34, 137–8, 140, 148n. 97, 157, 169, 181, 191, 201–204, 211, 236, 244–47, 253, 307
fallibilism, 78–79, 84–85, 91–100, 108, 109
chance, 91, 112–113
truth, 99

idealism, 19, 63, 68, 78n. 89, 79, 91, 135, 163, 190, 205, 311
intelligibility, 1, 2, 3, 60, 128, 211, 226, 234–35, 247, 257
and apologetics, 5
and presuppositionalism, 234–38
and transcendentalism, 8, 112, 128, 143, 195–216, 225, 235, 241–67
and Van Til, 265
conceptual scheme, 245, 253, 304
TAG, 51, 257, 267
worldview, 307–8

Justified True Belief, 154–66

knowledge, 1–3, 8, 128–65
a posteriori vs a priori, see a posteriori, a priori
and Aquinas, 104
and Augustine, 21–22
and Calvin, 237
and Descartes, 19, 45–46, 73, 75, 209, 215
and faith, 308–9
and Feyerabend, 28–29
and Hume vs Kant, 75–78
and Kierkegaard, 8–9
and Kuyper, 313
and logical positivism, 27, 63, 64n. 39
and metaphysics, 113
and Neurath, 182–83
and Plantinga, 22, 162–179
and Quine, 38, 122–23
and religious experience, 8–13
and Rorty, 112
and Schlick, 31–32, 86
and science, 38, 22–28, see also science
and scripture, 13–17
and secular reason, 171
and skepticism, see skepticism
and Socrates, 168
and Strawson, 86
and Thomas Reid, 156
and Van Til, 188–89;
certainty, 23, 57, 80, 142, 234
chance, 90
Christian, 82, 159–60, 183
Clark’s dogmatism, 139
cogito, 73n. 70, 210
conceptual schemes, 259
conditions of, 20
design-plan, 158
different senses of, 45–46
domains of, 48
doubt, 73, 209
empirical, 5
empiricist, 32, 66
evangelicalism, 108
externalism, 157
fallibilism, see fallibilism
from God, 303
general revelation, 222–23
Hebrew and Greek conceptions of, 41–42
Hebrew words for, 46
human, 1, 33n. 96, 48, 75
immanent, of God, 134
internalism, 307
language game, 10, 64
modal spheres, 225
moral, see moral knowledge
naturalistic, see naturalism
noetic effects of sin, 6, 301
noumenal, 77, 295
objective, 8
objective proof, 165
of God, 223
of particulars, see a posteriori
Plato, Aristotle, 56–57
pluralism, 161
postmodernism, see postmodern
pragmatic, 84–86
presuppositionalism, 8, 234
reasonable verisimilitude (RV), 99
religious experience, 299
sense, see a posteriori
sensus divinitatis, see sensus divinitatis
special revelation, 222
synonyms of, 35–38
synthetic a priori, 65n. 42, 247, 264
theory of, see epistemology
transcendental, 2, 195–240
transcendentals, 111, 128
uncertainty, 112
worldviews, 201–4

language game, 8, 10, 38, 64n. 38, 119, 252
logos, 16–17, 48, 56, 145, 212n. 59, 233, 251, 299, cf. logic, 139n. 72

metaphysics, 1, 33, 50, 58, 59, 61, 62–64, 66–67, 72, 75–76, 81, 87–88, 118–28, 119–27, 158, 170, 190, 297, 308
and Aldous Huxley, 124
and Aristotle, 242
and Chisholm, 134
and C.S. Lewis, 153
and Kant, 296
and Karl Popper, 33
and Otto Neurath, 182
and Plantinga, 153
and skepticism, ethics of, 136
and Strawson, 123, 265
and Taylor, 123
and The Reformation, 275
and Van Til, 133–5
Darwinism, see naturalism
descriptive, 122, 265
epistemology, interdependence with, 134
evolutionary, Quinean, 27;
holism, in Quine, Kuhn, 192
Islamic, 221n. 17, 224
Judeo-Christian, 226, 234
Logical Positivism, 66
materialism, empiricism, 135
naturalism, see naturalism
religious, 120–21
science, see science
speculative, 120
supernaturalistic, 61, 159, 29
theonomy, ethics, 170
transcendentals, 124, 127
Vienna Circle, 30
Moral Knowledge, 167–69
multiverse, 91–99
mysticism, 8, 78, 100n. 171, 108, 116, 296

naturalism, 22–25, 48, 56–58, 65–68, 88, 89–91, 103–108, 113–126, 145–158, 190–212, 226–239, 297–299
natural law, 3, 56, 77, 94, 104, 176, 201, 218, 226
natural theology, 94–95, 103, 222
nature, 1–3, 212, 251
and Aquinas, 102–5
and ethics, 89–91, 203
and God, 3, 224n. 24, 297–8
and grace, 105
and Heraclitus, 56
and Kant, 77, 86–187
and Lubac, 105, 117
and Plantinga, 150
and Quine, 109, 132, 299
and scripture, 251
and Thales, 22n. 64, 54
determinism, 94, 226–33, 257
divine, 173
factuality, 130–33, 192, 204
holism, 109, 122–3, 214
induction, 25, 152, 225
Newton, 87; noumenal vs phenomenal, 295
of God, 11–12, 188, 231–32, 238
ontology, 120
phenomena, 86–87
philosophy of, 89–90
physis, 55
Puritan view of, 173
regenerate, 300
scripture, 112
supernature, 238
teleology, 94
theory of, 132, 194, 204
Thomism, 105, 116
transcendentalism, 201–2, 249, 305
as a synonym for Universe, 69, 123
necessity, 1, 59–60, 209–11, 260–63, 320
and Hume, 26
and philosophical method, 111–12
and reason, 60–61
and Scotus, 226
and skepticism, 294
and Strawson, 264
and Wittgenstein, 206
in Christian epistemology, 179
in empiricism, modal logic, 212
in evolutionary theory, 90
grace, 171
in Ockham, 229–30
in Plantinga vs Van Til, 114–15, 163–165
in Van Til, 221
in Van Til vs Warfield, 186
induction, 186
logical, 56, 220–21
naturalism, 89–91
ontological vs conceptual, 249–50, 259, 265, 308, 320
presuppositionalism, 240–42, 252–53
psychological, logical, 23
TAG, 51
theonomy, 170
Trinitarianism, 218
worldview, 260, 266, 306

objective proof, 8, 71
of Christian worldview, 48, 308, 312
objectivity, 71, 92–94, 108–111, 133, 145, 203n. 27, 204n. 28, 263, 272, 298

Philosophy, 1, 4, 27, 30–42, 49, 53–57, 60–90, 101–6, 111, 117–18, 119–138, 179–94, 195–96, 223–37, 268–93
Analytic, 64, 64n. 35
Continental philosophy, 32n. 94, 41, 320, see also postmodernism
Ordinary Language, 207
Oxford School, 245
Pragmatism, 84–86
Romantic, 125, 137, 141
postmodernism, 8, 12, 28n. 82, 35, 41n. 122, 44n. 127, 45, 53–54, 70, 93, 99n. 168, 112, 113n. 208, 118, 132n. 51, 145, 181, 184n. 229, 195–200, 207, 215n. 60, 224n. 27, 262, 274–75, 280, 292, 308, 319
principle of verification, 64–67, 113, 212, 249, 260, 264, 265, 267, 308
psychology, 2n. 2, 31n. 91, 34, 44, 49, 62, 76, 84, 86, 125–26, 133, 136, 167, 259n. 59, 300, 316
behaviorism, 29, 34n. 98, 76n. 80, 122n. 122, 123, 168, 169, 201, 226
evolutionary, 152
transcendental, 85, 134, 247
pura naturalis, 104–105

quantum physics, 92–94, 95–98, 100, 131n. 45, 298, 311

rationality, 2, 9, 18, 25–29, 53, 59–61, 69, 75–78, 81, 90, 105–120, 143, 160, 179–213, 234, 294–321
realism, 20, 22, 31n.91, 68, 79, 107, 115, 156, 306
anti-realism, 57n. 13, 65n. 42
commonsense realism, 80–81, 300, 307
critical realism, 72, 97n. 157
reason, 5–22, 35, 39n. 114, 48–92, 106, 182, 212, 242
and Ancient Greece
and Aquinas, 102–104, 225
and Anselm, 95n. 150
and Bahnsen, 241
and Descartes, 209
and faith, 116, 308
and Hume, 110–12, 123, 138, 264
and intuition, 109, 318
and Kant, 76, 195, 242, 243
and Kierkegaard, 318
and psychology, see psychology
and rationality, see rationality
and revelation, see natural theology
and scripture, 301–307
and Plantinga, 158
and Strawson, 305
and Van Til, 305
and Warfield, 187
autonomous, 164, 305
circular, 153, 243, 204–6
cognitive science, 90
Enlightenment, 101
ethical, 167
evidentialism, 184
irrationality, see rationality
mitigated, 243
models of, 251–52
naturalism, see naturalism
practical, 50, 295, see also ethics
regenerate vs unregenerate, 186–89
transcendentalism, see transcendentalism
truth, 144
universal, 106
reasonable verisimilitude, 97n. 157; 99–100, 113, see also realism, critical realism
Reformed Epistemology, 61, 61n. 28, 95n. 150, 105, 114–15, 161–62
relativism, 56, 62, 74, 128, 132, 195n. 1, 196–198, 204n. 28, 206, 209, 214, 271–72, 281, 292

science, 6, 16, 18, 22–63, 76, 84–101, 110–11, 121–28, 130–132, 136, 140, 142, 147, 150–54, 167n. 174, 182–3, 199–202, 224, 275n.27, 293, 296, 311
Ancient Greek, 54–55
and Bertrand Russell, 65
and Kant, 76, 86
and Kuhn, 130, 191–94
and Kuyper, 185, 277–78, 313
and logical positivism, 63–67, 115, 123
and metaphysics, 66, 118, 119
and Neurath, 182
and philosophy, 120, 123, 297–98
and Plantinga, 180, 251
and quantum mysticism, 99
and Quine, 122, 132
and the Reformation, 105
and religion, 106
and scientism, 68
and scripture, 251
and skepticism, see skepticism
and transcendentals, 240
and worldview, 214
Christian view of, 264
circularity, 200
common grace, 222
commonsense realism, 299
common-sense, reliabilism, 81
contemporary, 187
deductive, Popperian, 33n. 97, 297
empiricism, 62–67
ethics as a, 166–69
evidentialism, 184
evolutionary, 148, 297
facts, 129
fallibilist, 78
family resemblances, Wittgensteinian, 128
holism, 200, 298
hypothetical, 235
inductive, 76
Medieval, 101
methodological naturalism, 296
mitigated concerns, 74
modern, 109
natural, 86
naturalism, 56, 57, 190
philosophy of, 7, 18, 23, 121, 297
physicalism, 297
positivism, 86
Quinean, 124
regenerate vs unregenerate, 301
secular, 57
speculative, 96
theology as a, 184
totalitarian, 40, 48, 191, 299
tyranny of, 39, 319
use of by Nazis, Communists, 126
Western, 54

sensus divinitatis, 105, 159–163, 205, 223
skepticism, 3, 19n. 56, 20, 26, 30, 47, 53, 61, 62n. 31, 68, 72–79, 88–90, 98–101, 108–46, 191, 197, 241–48, 255, 262–265, 294–296, 307, 320
and Bertrand Russell, 73–100
global, 136–37
local, 137–146
subjectivity, 17, 32, 41, 62, 92, 100, 269, 292

theology, 2, 4, 12–14, 20–22, 37, 49, 58, 184, 188, 193, 221–238, 259–283
and apologetic philosophy, 117
and Charles Finney, 174
and Feuerbach, 57
and Heidegger, 127n. 33
and Plantinga, 159
and worldview, 316
analytic, 107
Christian, 2
liberal, 296
natural, see natural theology
philosophical, 4, 12, 107–8, 160
political, 173, 294
Reconstructionism, 176n. 205
systematic, 184–86
Trinitarian, 14n. 39, 99–100, 134, 238, 301
transcendentalism, 8, 195–216, 240
Transcendental Argument for God (TAG), 241–67
truth, 2, 9–16, 130, 153, 219. See also belief, Justified True Belief.

universe, 2, 18, 26, 37, 47, 67, 82, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 119, 124, 125, 132, 134, 141, 150, 167, 190, 217, 221, 252, 256, 307, see also nature

Verification Principle. See principle of verification.

worldview, 168, 262. See also beliefs, knowledge.