{"id":840,"date":"2024-04-25T15:28:09","date_gmt":"2024-04-25T15:28:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/?p=840"},"modified":"2025-02-20T19:15:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T19:15:42","slug":"jonathan-edwards-and-the-destruction-of-the-puritan-canopy-in-early-us-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/jonathan-edwards-and-the-destruction-of-the-puritan-canopy-in-early-us-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Jonathan Edwards and the Destruction of the Puritan Canopy in Early US History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As is well known to students of American history, the \u201cPuritan Canopy\u201d was a reflection of the New England Puritan\u2019s desire to construct a society based on what they had found in the scriptures by their covenantal compacts between and within families at the foundation of their settlements:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cPuritan theologians assumed there was a given (rather than a constructed) character to human nature, the world, and God\u2019s way of reaching out to the world.\u00a0 <em>They took for granted that the central religious task was to orient the self to the prerogatives of God as those prerogatives had been revealed in Scripture<\/em>\u201d. (Emphasis added).<\/p>\n<p>However, the canopy had begun to fragment by the 1750s ironically under the stress of the Great Awakening centered around Jonathan Edward\u2019s <em>\u201csubtle and most able restatement of [the] inherited Calvinist convictions\u201d<\/em>. \u00a0Edwards was a revivalist in the literal sense of the word, he was seeking to revive that which, like Eli the High Priest during the time of King Saul had become old, fat and blind in its old age.\u00a0 However, his ecclesiological innovations of prohibiting the openly unregenerate from partaking of the Lord\u2019s Supper and his growing doubts over the theological validity of a localized covenant as envisaged by the New England Puritan orthodoxy and social organization, had in them the seeds which grew in freshly ploughed Arminian soil on the new frontiers. \u00a0Additionally, however unintentionally or indirectly, Edwards\u2019 work opened the door to political republicanism, Noll sees in this the transition: <em>\u201c[a] move from theology to politics, and intellectual leadership\u2026from the clergy to men of state\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a>Edwards began to react to the admission to the Lord\u2019s supper those from covenant families just on that basis even though they had a lifestyle that showed no interest in piety or the things of God.\u00a0 The Calvinist insistence on \u201ctotal depravity\u201d, \u201cunconditional election\u201d, \u201climited atonement of the elect\u201d, \u201cirresistible grace\u201d and \u201cthe perseverance of the saints\u201d (TULIP) most controversially encapsulated as \u201cpredestination\u201d for the hyper-Calvinist, placed human salvation <em>purely<\/em> as an act of God\u2019s grace, the will and\/or lifestyle of the individual could not frustrate the will or purposes of God. \u00a0Thus, the sacrament of baptism was seen as a covenant declaration recognizing what God <em>would<\/em> do in the life of an individual and on that basis, they could partake of the Lord\u2019s Supper. \u00a0This was distinct from the Romanist view (and maintained in High Church forms of Anglicanism and similar denominations) that one was <em>joined<\/em> to Christ\u2019s church by baptism but also distinct from the later evangelical insistence that baptism was for believers only (though dedication of infants was permitted).<\/p>\n<p>Edwards\u2019 increasing rejection of the logic of these \u201ccovenantal\u201d practices found fertile soil in ministers like John Wesley (1703 \u20131791) who became highly influential in the Evangelical (Arminian) revival that effectively displaced Calvinism as the dominant theology of Protestant America. \u00a0He concluded that if the love of God reigned within a human heart, the sanctification should be evident as an <em>outward<\/em> holiness.\u00a0 Although Wesley is often characterized as \u201cArminian\u201d he came to broadly the same conclusions as Arminius independently of him but indicated in later publications that he basically agreed with the positions of Arminius.\u00a0 George Whitfield, Wesley\u2019s ministry partner and friend (though at times the friendship was strained because of their theological differences) became the founder of the Calvinist Methodists.\u00a0 In a similar fashion, other post-Reformation denominations such as the Baptists and the Congregationalists would have Arminian and Calvinistic wings.<\/p>\n<p>It must be noted that Arminius himself was probably much less Arminian than his followers became (as Calvin much less Calvinist than some of his hyper-Calvinist heirs), he actually defended infant baptism as a covenant sacrament whilst maintaining that the Anabaptists should be permitted in their practice of adult baptism.\u00a0 Needless to say, in just this brief excursion, this is a far more nuanced argument than is sometimes encountered in Reformed circles \u2013 Edwards seeking after evidence of piety and a renewal of Puritanism, was influential in its dissolution.<\/p>\n<h2>Further Reading<\/h2>\n<p>Noll, M. A. (2002). <em>America&#8217;s God &#8211; From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln.<\/em> New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As is well known to students of American history, the \u201cPuritan Canopy\u201d was a reflection of the New England Puritan\u2019s desire to construct a society based on what they had found in the scriptures by their covenantal compacts between and within families at the foundation of their settlements: \u201cPuritan theologians assumed there was a given [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":841,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,7,280,33],"tags":[303,305,304],"class_list":["post-840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-church-state","category-dominion-theology-reconstructionism","category-phd-appendices","category-theology","tag-jonathon-edwards","tag-puritan-canopy","tag-puritanism"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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