{"id":712,"date":"2023-06-29T13:59:53","date_gmt":"2023-06-29T13:59:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/?p=712"},"modified":"2024-03-25T22:33:08","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T22:33:08","slug":"wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/","title":{"rendered":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism"},"content":{"rendered":"

Appendix 2 \u2013 Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism<\/h1>\n

Wittgenstein was unique amongst 20th century philosophers in that he precipitated two revolutions of thought despite only have one<\/em> publication during his lifetime.\u00a0 The first was his enormous influence on logical positivism and the second was his possible repudiation of it in later work.\u00a0 However, a much-neglected aspect of W-scholarship is his relationship to Christian belief despite his encounter with Tolstoy\u2019s synthetic Gospel [1]<\/a> which exerted a life-changing influence on him.\u00a0 During WWI Wittgenstein had acquired Tolstoy\u2019s redaction of the gospels and carried it with him during the war and during his internment (in addition to the Tractatus<\/em> that he managed to finish at that time).\u00a0 He did not carry any other material or books with him.\u00a0 By considering the Tractatus<\/em> in this context, we can understand it far better.<\/p>\n

It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus<\/em>.\u00a0 He wrote to his close friend Paul Engelmann that Bertrand Russell had<\/em> completely misunderstood it, but he allowed the introduction to remain because it ensured publication with Russell\u2019s seeming endorsement.\u00a0 Without it, the publisher would not publish.\u00a0 Engelmann\u2019s memoir (1967) is one of the most illuminating as it covers the period around the preparation and publication of the Tractatus<\/em>, providing some interesting insights into what was in the mind of Wittgenstein in writing it and most significantly what was not<\/em>, the latter arguably being the positivist use and interpretation of it which Wittgenstein himself came to emphatically reject, though it would be disingenuous to assert the positivists did not exert some reciprocal influence on Wittgenstein during that early period.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

However, it remains of great debate whether the \u201cmid-Wittgenstein\u201d [3]<\/a> and the \u201clate-Wittgenstein\u201d [4]<\/a> (again, contentious categories within Wittgensteinian scholarship) were contiguous in an important sense with his early work or were a radical departure.\u00a0 He certainly reflected in later life that he had placed too much importance on the \u201clanguage game of science\u201d<\/em> at the expense of other uses of language, what came to be called \u201cordinary language philosophy\u201d at Oxford University (though Wittgenstein himself was attached to Cambridge).\u00a0 Wittgenstein had periods where he did work closely with both Schlick and Carnap and his Tractatus<\/em> had exerted an enormous influence on the Vienna Circle.\u00a0 The opaqueness of the relationship with the positivists is enlightened somewhat in that the positivists, like Russell before them[5]<\/a>, had failed to grasp the place Wittgenstein had granted the \u201cmystical\u201d that \u201ccan only become manifest but never be communicated in explicit statements\u201d<\/em>.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Thus, his mysticism and spirituality were what set him apart from other key personalities within the Circle and the argument of the Tractatus<\/em> might be interpreted as \u2018ringfencing\u2019 the supremely significant but inexpressible in human language, making it immutable and immune to criticism in human language.\u00a0 This interpretation seems diametrically opposed to the verificationist view that characterised the positivists, and the problem remains that the verificationist principle was originally known as Wittgenstein\u2019s<\/em> Verification principle before he publicly distanced himself from the scientism of logical positivism.\u00a0 However, by appreciating his mysticism, perhaps reflected also as his work as a gardener in a monastery after his first retirement from philosophy[7]<\/a>, we get a far better feel for his motivation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Tolstoy, L. (1997 (c1902)). The Gospel In Brief<\/em> (Bison Books ed.). (F. Flowers III, Ed., & I. Hapgood, Trans.) Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska Press.\u00a0 The editor\u2019s preface describes the dramatic effect this book had on Wittgenstein.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Monk, R. (1991). Ludwig Wittgenstein – The Duty of Genius.<\/em> London: Vintage., pp. 281-308.\u00a0 For example, Carnap had been \u201cvery excited\u201d after speaking to Wittgenstein.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> This would be the period of the Blue and the Brown books, which were research for the \u201cPhilosophical Investigations\u201d.\u00a0 However, other works primarily created from the notes of his students do exist from that period on subjects as diverse as Mathematics, Culture and Value, and Religious Belief.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> The main work from that period is \u201cOn Certainty\u201d which is sometimes thought of as a reflection on G E Moore\u2019s defence of common-sense realism.\u00a0 Although there was some tension between them at different times, G E Moore was influential in persuading Wittgenstein to return to philosophy after visiting him in Norway.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Ignoring the complexity of Russell\u2019s relationship with the Vienna Circle of which he was certainly a close kindred spirit who attended inter-war meetings of the Circle.\u00a0 The Circle eventually disbanded because of the changes in Austria and Germany with many of the key personalities finding their way to academic positions in the premier Ivy League universities in the US or at the equivalent establishments like Oxford, Cambridge and UCL in the UK.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Josef Schl\u00e4chter in the Preface to Engelmann\u2019s memoir (1968).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> During the same period, he also worked as an elementary school teacher and designed a house for one of his sisters in Vienna.\u00a0 He might be described as having a \u201csecond\u201d retirement from philosophy during the 2nd<\/sup> World War where he sought for more \u201cmeaningful\u201d work.\u00a0 J C Ryle helped him find employment first as a porter at Guy\u2019s Hospital and then with a medical lab.\u00a0 However, he returned to Cambridge 1945-7, visited Norman Malcolm at Cornell and stayed philosophically engaged until his passing in 1951 at the age of 64.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Appendix 2 \u2013 Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism Wittgenstein was unique amongst 20th century philosophers in that he precipitated two revolutions of thought despite only have one publication during his lifetime.\u00a0 The first was his enormous influence on logical positivism and the second was his possible repudiation of it in later work.\u00a0 However, a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":290,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280,25,13,17,20],"tags":[133,258,257],"class_list":["post-712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phd-appendices","category-philosophy","category-philosophy-of-religion","category-science-and-religion","category-thesis","tag-logical-positivism","tag-tractatus","tag-wittgenstein"],"yoast_head":"\r\nWittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - Planet M Blog<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus.\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - Planet M Blog\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus.\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Planet M Blog\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-06-29T13:59:53+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-25T22:33:08+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Wittgenstein.jpg\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"926\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"646\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Michael Macneil\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Michael Macneil\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Michael Macneil\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33\"},\"headline\":\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-06-29T13:59:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-25T22:33:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":884,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/Wittgenstein.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Logical positivism\",\"Tractatus\",\"Wittgenstein\"],\"articleSection\":[\"PhD Appendices\",\"Philosophy\",\"Philosophy of Religion\",\"Science and Religion\",\"Theses\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/\",\"name\":\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - Planet M Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/Wittgenstein.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-06-29T13:59:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-25T22:33:08+00:00\",\"description\":\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/Wittgenstein.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/Wittgenstein.jpg\",\"width\":926,\"height\":646,\"caption\":\"Wittgenstein, Logical Positivism and Religious Language\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Planet Macneil Blog\",\"description\":\"The blog of Dr Michael P\u00f2l Macneil PhD\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33\",\"name\":\"Michael Macneil\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Michael Macneil\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g\"},\"description\":\"I write software and am studying part-time for a PhD in philosophy. I have an MSc in Electronic Engineering and an MA in Studies in Philosophy and Religion. I am a Microsoft Certified Professional with an MCSD. I have a teaching qualification in Physics and like most things science. Otherwise I like classic VWs, watching Rodney Howard-Browne, playing guitar and making computer music.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/planetmacneil.org\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/mmacneill123\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\r\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - Planet M Blog","description":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - Planet M Blog","og_description":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus.","og_url":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/","og_site_name":"Planet M Blog","article_published_time":"2023-06-29T13:59:53+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-03-25T22:33:08+00:00","og_image":[{"width":926,"height":646,"url":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Wittgenstein.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Michael Macneil","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Michael Macneil","Estimated reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/"},"author":{"name":"Michael Macneil","@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33"},"headline":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism","datePublished":"2023-06-29T13:59:53+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-25T22:33:08+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/"},"wordCount":884,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Wittgenstein.jpg","keywords":["Logical positivism","Tractatus","Wittgenstein"],"articleSection":["PhD Appendices","Philosophy","Philosophy of Religion","Science and Religion","Theses"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/","url":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/","name":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - Planet M Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Wittgenstein.jpg","datePublished":"2023-06-29T13:59:53+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-25T22:33:08+00:00","description":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism - It is one of the vexed questions of Wittgensteinian scholarship as to whether the logical positivists had fundamentally misinterpreted his Tractatus.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Wittgenstein.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Wittgenstein.jpg","width":926,"height":646,"caption":"Wittgenstein, Logical Positivism and Religious Language"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wittgenstein-the-tractatus-and-logical-positivism\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Wittgenstein, The Tractatus and Logical Positivism"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/","name":"Planet Macneil Blog","description":"The blog of Dr Michael P\u00f2l Macneil PhD","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/78d80b09bb7f5dca3e2779fb6a2c2d33","name":"Michael Macneil","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g","caption":"Michael Macneil"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8c23bafa3d0e8438466d9d51dd2b843fab8754f428006edc6c50c8d9b66d9fa1?s=96&r=g"},"description":"I write software and am studying part-time for a PhD in philosophy. I have an MSc in Electronic Engineering and an MA in Studies in Philosophy and Religion. I am a Microsoft Certified Professional with an MCSD. I have a teaching qualification in Physics and like most things science. Otherwise I like classic VWs, watching Rodney Howard-Browne, playing guitar and making computer music.","sameAs":["https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog"],"url":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/author\/mmacneill123\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=712"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/712\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/290"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetmacneil.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}